Louisiana Forested Wetland Plants
路易斯安那溼地植物概述
0. TAXODIACEAE杉科
Taxodium distichum
落羽松、baldcypress, Louisiana Cypress
辨識特徵
葉 葉線狀, 小羽葉僅1-2cm長, 經常以two-ranked--生長在落葉枝條上的羽葉成對出現、葉綠色，秋天轉黃。Linear and small, 1/4 to 3/4 inch long, generally appearing two-ranked. When growing on deciduous branchlets the leaf-deciduous branchlet structure resembles a feathery pinnately (or bi-pinnately) compound leaf; green to yellow-green.
花 雌雄同株、雄花以長穗狀成串生長，雌花球形、盾狀鱗片、出現在枝條末端。Males in drooping, long panicles; females are subglobose, have peltate scales, and tend to occur near the end of branches.
果 果實以盾狀鱗片、棕色木質、僅2-3cm大小、毬果內部種子不規則分布。Cones are composed of peltate scales forming a woody, brown sphere with rough surfaces, 3/4 to 1 inch in diameter; cones disintegrate into irregular seeds.
枝 可能是落葉型。非落葉型的枝條比較細長、互生、棕色、並有圓形葉芽分布再小枝條末端；落葉型枝條是對稱（two-ranked？）、為羽狀葉。
May be deciduous or not; non-deciduous twigs are slender, alternate, brown, rough, with round buds near the end of the twig; deciduous twigs are two-ranked, resembling pinnately compound leaves.
樹幹 纖維質的、紅棕色、但可能是灰色、與當地環境有關。老舊樹幹可能形成鱗狀樹皮。Fibrous, red-brown but may be gray where exposed to the weather; old, thick bark may appear somewhat scaly.
樹形 圓錐狀。底部腫大、根部會增生膝部以凸出水面呼吸。A large tree with a pyramid-shaped crown, cylindrical bole, fluted or buttressed base and often with knees.
生育地
river bottoms, lake margins, swamps; good growth on drier sites but it is out-competed
溼地特徵 WETLAND DESIGNATION: obligate wetland (OBL); almost always occurs (>99%) in wetlands in the southeast US
RANGE: southeast coastal plain and Mississippi River valley
USES: heartwood very durable, the “wood eternal,” used for lumber, furniture, water tanks; young second growth trees lack these decay resistant properties; cypress mulch, it doesn’t float; hollow trees used by bears for denning
Brief Recognition Features:
1. fluted base of tree with knees
2. feathery 2-ranked needles
應用：年輪定年最久：1622
圖片拍攝：Dr. Ewing Bald cypress swamp in Illinois photo by Ted Trovillion
1. 木蘭科
Magnolia virginiana L.
白背玉蘭; 俗名Sweet Bay
辨識特徵
單葉戶生、葉全緣背白、花白5-10公分長、果螺旋狀（似圓錐體的釋迦）、樹高21公尺(70 feet)、樹幹無明顯裂痕或特徵
生育地/ 溼地普及度
WETLAND DESIGNATION: facultative wetland (FACW+); usually (67-99%) found in wetlands
RANGE: Massachusetts, Florida, east Texas, coastal plain and low Piedmont
圖片來源：Botanical.com
2. Betulaceae 樺木科
Carpinus caroliniana
美洲鵝耳櫪 hornbeam
辨識特徵
FORM: small tree, 35’ x 8-10” diameter.
Compared to Ostrya, hornbeam has zebra-stripped buds, doubly serrate margins, and small nutlets borne on a three-lobed bract
重鋸齒葉、複葉互生、小樹、果仁長在三片苞葉之中
生育地/ 溼地普及度
HABITAT: moist sites; understory species 溼地/底層
WETLAND DESIGNATION: facultative (FAC); equally likely (34-66%) to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands in the southeastern US
圖片來源：Wetland plants
3. PINACEAE松科
Pinus taeda
德達松 Lobaloly Pine（由拉丁學名近音取名）
LEAVES: 4-9" long, in fascicles(針葉束） of 3's (rarely 2's), slender and stiff, persistent 2-4 years; often developing a yellow-green color 三針一束、葉長10-25cm
FLOWER: Monoecious, cones 3-6" long (裸子植物之球花=strobili) 雌雄同株、雄花長橢圓黃至紅色、雌花黃至紫色、毬果長7-16公分、毬果無柄、其鱗片尖端堅硬刺人
TWIGS: 束葉叢生枝端
BARK: scaly, dark on young trees, cinnamon on older trees; flat oblong plates（屋瓦狀、平裂片狀）
FORM: medium-to-large, 80-110 ft x 2.5 feet dbh
HABITAT: along rivers, moist sites, invades old fields; widely planted and naturalized on many sites where it didn't occur naturally; invades many longleaf pine sites
WETLAND DESIGNATION: facultative (FAC); equally likely to occur (34-66%) in wetlands or non-wetlands in the southeast US
RANGE: southeast US, Texas to New Jersey, to 2300 feet elevation
USES: fastest growing southern pine; very important lumber and pulp species(LA主要出口木材); doves, quail, turkeys all eat pine seeds, along with many song birds and squirrels; young foliage is browsed; attacked by fusiform rust, and southern pine bark beetles
Brief Recognition Features:
1. needles about 4-9” long, fascicles of 3’s （三針一束的植物似乎不多）
2. cone is dull brown color,very prickly 松果多刺
3. cones sessile 松果無柄
專有名詞
diaphragmed pith 間隔髓
(圖片來源)
參考資料
路易思安那州立大學RNR
維吉尼亞大學森林系
